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F 2223 

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The University of the State of New York 
The State Department of Education 

Visual Instruction Division 



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SLIDES AND PHOTOGRAPHS 

List 28 

SOUTH AMERICA 



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NO. OF 
TITLES 

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

Introductory note 

Bibliography 

Maps ! 3 

Argentina: Maps, Buenos Aires, Upper Parana river, pampas, 

Indians, ranching, wool industry, Trans- Andine railroad 50 

Bolivia: Mt Illimani, Lake Titicaca, La Paz, some Bolivian 

natives ^ 

Brazil: Map, Rio de Janeiro, Bahia and suburbs, Para, Santos 

and vicinity, Sao Paulo, other Brazilian views 25 

British Guiana: Carib Indians 2 

Chile: Map; Central section — Coquimbo, Valparaiso, Santiago 

and vicinity, Trans-Andine railroad; Southern section ; Northern 

section; Juan Fernandez island ; 30 

Dutch Guiana 3 

Ecuador 5 

Peru: Andahuaylas, Arequipa, Lima, Matucana, Morococha, 

Palpa, Pucara, Salaverry, Trujillo, Oroya railroad, Guano 

islands, Inca remains 34 

Uruguay " "3 

Venezuela 20 

Animal life peculiar to South America .. . . "2 

Natural scenery: mountains, plains, waterfalls 41 

History 24 

People, manners and customs 47 

Immigration ]] c 

Transportation facilities 52 

Industries and products 32 

Total, less duplicates 192 



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o. of D e 
JUL 23 |g?8 



INTRODUCTION 

South America is so vast a territory that the many interesting 
and important features of the several countries and their people 
can not be all fully represented by only 192 pictures; yet, an exami- 
nation of the titles and headings of this list will show that this 
collection is at least a splendid introduction to the study of the 
continent. 

South America is relatively simple in its main physical features — 
the Andes mountains, its three great river systems, and its vast 
plains. These are well represented. The Andean highlands are 
rich in mineral resources, while most of the extensive areas drained 
by the Plata, the Amazon and the Orinoco have soil and climate 
that adapt them to supply the world with immense stores of food. 
These facts can be well brought out by the pictures here offered. 
Many regions are still occupied largely by descendants of the native 
Indian races that have made little progress in civilization, but there 
are also great cities throbbing with energy and commercial activity. 
Both elements of the population have a place in this collection. 

The Latin races predominate in South America, but England 
and the nations of northern Europe see their opportunities there 
and are not slow to take advantage of them. Recent years have 
seen the awakening of a marked interest in Latin America on the 
part of the people of the United States and the capital of this country 
is rapidly being invested there. The opening of the Panama canal 
has brought the rich western side of the continent appreciably 
nearer to us and is bound to increase our trade and intercourse 
with the enterprising people of the Pacific coast. 

It is not strange, therefore, that many organizations as well as 
our schools are inquiring with great frequency for slides on South 
America. It is to meet this demand in a measure at least that 
the announcement of this list is made now rather than delayed 
for the sake of completeness. 

Doubtless an intensive study of these pictures through close 
observation and a proper amount of reading can hardly fail to give 
the student a clearer comprehension of conditions in South American 
countries than a hasty and superficial examination of a much larger 
number. 

A number of the pictures were made several years ago, but these 
for the most part represent physical features that are practically 
free from changes or types of life that are fairly stable. Many of 
them were made recently by travelers and business men who have 
been attracted to this comparatively unknown part of the world. 



4 

Our borrowers are specially indebted to the following persons through 
whose favor we have secured many of the pictures: Mr J. Louis 
Schaeffer, of W. R. Grace & Company, New York, who have large 
commercial interests in Chile and other parts of the continent; 
Mr Charles W. Furlong, Boston, traveler, lecturer and writer; 
and Mr Harry A. Franck, New York, who has also traveled 
extensively in South America and has made numerous contributions 
to periodical literature. 

A. W. Abrams 
Chief, Visual Instruction Division 

Albany, N.Y., April 12, iqi8 

Bibliography 

Books 
General 

Bingham, Hiram. Across South America. Houghton Mifflin Company. 191 1 

Bowman, Isaiah. South America. Rand McNally & Company. 1915 
(Lands and Peoples series) 

Bryce, James. South America. The Macmillan Company. 19 13 

Carpenter, Frank G. South America. American Book Company (Carpenter's 
Geographical Reader) 

Peck, Annie S. The South American Tour. George H. Doran Company. 1913 

Ross, Edward Alsworth. South of Panama. The Century Company. 191 5 

Zahm, J. A. (H. J. Mozans pseud.). Along the Andes and down the Amazon. 
D. Appleton and Company. 191 1 (Following the Conquistadores) 

Special 

Hammerton, J. A. The Real Argentine. Dodd, Mead and Company. 191 5 

Hirst, W. A. Argentina. Charles Scribner's Sons. 1910 

Koebel, "W. H. Modern Argentina. Francis Griffiths. 1907 

Conway, Sir Martin. The Bolivian Andes. Harper & Brothers. 1901 

Denis, Pierre. Brazil. Charles Scribner's Sons. 191 1 

Maitland, Francis J. G. Chile: Its Land and People. Francis Griffiths. 1914 

Martin, Percy F. Peru of the 20th Century. Edward Arnold. 191 1 

Dalton, Leonard V. Venezuela. Charles Scribner's Sons. 1912 

Periodicals 

The Century, July 1916, p. 321-35. A Lost City of the Andes [Machu Picchu], 
by Harry A. Franck 

The Geographical Review, January 1917, p. 1-15. Tribes of Tierra del Fuego, 

by Charles Wellington Furlong 

March 1917, p. 169-87. Tribal Distribution and Settlements of the 



Fuegians, by Charles Wellington Furlong 

Harper's Magazine, January 1910, p. 217-29. The Vanishing People of the 
Land of Fire, by Charles Wellington Furlong 



Harper's Magazine, April 1913, p. 709-19. The Discovery of Machu Picchu, 
by Hiram Bingham 

May 1914, p. 813-25. Across the Venezuelan Llanos, by Charles 



Wellington Furlong 

National Geographic Magazine, April 1913, p. 387-573. In the Wonderland of 
Peru, by Hiram Bingham 

The Outlook, February 7, 1914, p. 304-7. In Southern Brazil. I In the Ranch 
Country of Parana; II Among the Backwoods Settlers of Brazil, by Theodore 
Roosevelt 

The Outing Magazine, April 191 1, p. 3-17. Cruising with the Yahgans, by 
Charles Wellington Furlong 

October 191 1, p. 3-22. The Toll of the Straits, by Charles Wellington 



Furlong 



Scribner's Magazine, April 1913, p. 421-38. Down the West Coast to Lima, 
by Ernest Peixotto 

July 1913, p. 75-87. Across Titicaca, with a Glimpse of Bolivia, by 



Ernest Peixotto 

The World's Work, October 1910, p. 13535-54. South America's First Trans- 
continental, by Charles Wellington Furlong 

The Bulletin of the Pan- American Union, published monthly in Washington, 
contains interesting, timely and valuable items of information on South 
America 



LIST OF SLIDES AND PHOTOGRAPHS 

Maps 

The following maps should be used in connection with the study 
of all topics suggested by the pictures where place has any significance. 
Do not expect pupils to memorize verbal statements of locations, 
distances and areas; but aid them to visualize the continent by 
frequent reference to the maps. 

Call no. 

Ez 3 Map of the World (on Mercator projection) Showing Important 

Trade Routes Shortened by the Panama Canal. From Harmodio 

Arias's The Panama Canal. (1913) 
King and Son, publishers 

Note especially how direct the route is between the United States 
and the west coast of South America. Find from the map one reason 
why the United States has strong competition from Europe in the 
trade with the South American states on the Atlantic. Learn of 
other reasons. 

F 1 Map of South America Showing Relative Size of Brazil and the 

United States. From Albert Hale's The South Americans. (1917) 

By arrangement with The Bobbs-Merrill Company, publishers 

F 2 Physical Map of South America. From A. E. Frye's Leading Facts 

of Geography. (19 17) 
By permission of Ginn and Company, publishers 



Call no. 

F3 Map Indicating Annual Rainfall and Winds in South America. 

From Brigham and McFarlane's Essentials of Geography. (1917) 

Copyright, 1916, by Brigham and McParlane 
By arrangement with American Book Company, publishers 

F 4 Political Map of South America. From Frank G. Carpenter's 

Geographical Reader-South America. (1917) 
Copyright by Frank G. Carpenter, American Book Company, publishers 

F 45 Map of Southern Part of South America — - Argentina, Chile and 

Uruguay. Based on map in Annie S. Peck's The South American 
Tour. (1917) 

George H. Doran Company, publishers 

F 5 Map of Southern Extremity of South America, Magellan's Route. 

Prepared by the Visual Instruction Division. (191 1) 

F 7 Map of Portion of La Plata Drainage Area. From Brigham and 

McFarlane's Essentials of Geography. (1916) 

Copyright, 1916, by Brigham and McParlane 
By arrangement with American Book Company, publishers 

Argentina 

See maps F 45 and F 5 above. 

Buenos Aires (bo nus a riz) 

Buenos Aires is the second largest Latin city in the world. What 
is the largest one? The present capital of Argentina was effectively 
founded in 1580. Compare this date with the date of early settle- 
ments in North America. By the time the Pilgrims settled at 
Plymouth, Buenos Aires had a population of 3000. 

Since 1875 the population has increased from 220,000 to 1,229,000. 
Only three cities of the United States are as large. Name them. 
The streets and buildings of the city remained quite unworthy 
a municipality of this size until the time of President Celman, 40 
years ago, when during a period of financial boom and inflated 
currency great strides were made in demolishing old structures, 
modifying streets and erecting public buildings. 

The latitude of Buenos Aires is 34 39' S. What seaport of the 
United States has north latitude of about the same number of 
degrees? 

For map of Buenos Aires and vicinity, see F 7 above. 

Fa BH. . . .The Government House (Palace). (19 15) 

In the Plaza de Mayo, completed in 1894, 400 by 250 feet, an 
imposing building. It is the official residence of the president 
and contains many government offices, libraries etc. The front 
of the building is the side to the left, which faces the gardens of 
the Paseo Colon. 

Fa BG The Capitol (Palais du Congres) (19 15) 

Greco-Roman style. Compare with the Capitol at Washington, 
especially as to the dome. Which is the better architecture? 
Explain. 



Call no. 

Fa BC .... Plaza del Congreso Looking toward Avenida de Mayo, from the 
Fountain. (19 15) 
There are several other large plazas in the city. 

Fa BE4. . .Statue of General Mariano Moreno in Plaza del Congreso. (1915) 
Moreno was one of the leaders in the revolution of 18 10. 

Fa BG6. . .The Custom House (Aduana). (1915) 

Bring out the fact that a custom house is the institution of a 
country through which goods are entered from or cleared for a 
foreign country. Argentina exports, chiefly through Buenos Aires, 
wool, frozen meat, hides, tallow, wheat, linseed; it imports manu- 
factured goods, chiefly textiles, iron goods and coal. 

Fa BB. . . .La Plata River Boats at Dock; Loading Crane. (19 15) 

Consider La Plata river and its tributaries as arteries of com- 
merce into the heart of the continent. See pictures and notes on 
the Upper Parana. 

Fa BS. . . .Retiro Station of the Central Railway, Frontage 850 Feet; Cabs. 
(1915) 
This is a grand new station and compares favorably with the 
best in the United States and Europe. Examine map F 45, p. 6, 
and note the network of railroads about Buenos Aires. 

Fa BR. . . .The Railroad Clearing House Building. (19 15) 

Fa BP. . . .The Plaza Hotel. Corner of Florida and Charcas streets. (19 15) 

This is the hotel generally patronized by Americans. The more 
impressive front is not shown in the picture. Opinions differ con- 
cerning the hotels of this city. Generally the rooms seem to be 
small with an absence of minor comforts. The cuisine is reported 
good. Accommodations are as a rule better than in Chile and 
Brazil. Prices are very high. 

Fa BC3 . . . Paseo de Julio. (1915) 

Described in the language of an Irishman as "no more than half 
a strate, as it has only one side to it." This side is said to be a bad 
side, its arcades being the haunt of " all things perverse, abominable." 
See Hammerton, p. 68. 

Fa BD . . . .Avenue of Royal Palms and Sheet of Water. Palermo park. (19 15) 
Palermo park is one of the finest in the world, rivaling the Bois 
de Boulogne in Paris. It contains nearly 1000 acres. Here every 
evening for two or three hours there is a gorgeous procession of 
the equipages of the wealthy and fashionable residents. 

Fa BDi . . .Vista through the Avenue of Royal Palms. Palermo park. (1915) 

Fa BD2 . . .Avenue of Eucalyptus Trees. Palermo park. (191 5) 

Compare the eucalyptus trees of Australia. Mention a prominent 
characteristic of these trees. 



Call, no 

FaBD3...View in Palermo Park; Lake, Bridge Surmounted by a Pavilion. 
(1915) 

Fa BE5. . .National Monument, by Arturo Dresco. Palermo park. (1915) 

This monument was given by Spanish residents on the centenary 
of the revolution of 18 10 as an expression of their loyalty and esteem 
for Argentina. Completed 191 5. Other nationalities have also 
erected monuments to commemorate the liberation of the country 
from Spanish rule. 

Fa BD8. . .Two Diverging Streets in the Recoleta Cemetery. (1915) 

" The Recoleta is a strange cemetery, bizarre, ghoulish, tawdry. 
To own a tomb in Recoleta is one of the necessities if a family wants 
to be in the swim." The tombs are elaborate and sometimes of 
beautiful design, but more often ornate; built occasionally of Italian 
marble, but generally of stucco. They are arranged in streets. 
The doors of the tombs are left open and one can step inside and 
see the coffins on shelves. On All Saints Day the family gather in 
the tomb for tea. After a time, unless a large sum is paid for the 
use of a tomb, the coffins must be removed to make way for others. 

Fa BD9. . .Tombs of the Recoleta Cemetery. (1915) 

Fa BX. . . .Emigrants from Northern Europe, Just Arrived. (January 1910) 

Emigrants are taken to an emigrant hotel and through the 
Argentine government assisted to jobs best adapted to them and 
also distributed about the country where they are most needed. 
Many people from Europe go to Argentina to improve their con- 
dition very much as they do to the United States. A large part 
of them are farmers. 

The Upper Parana River 

The Parana is said to be one of the most magnificent rivers in 
the world. At an early time the Spaniards used it as a route into 
the interior of the continent and maintained a flourishing colony at 
Asuncion before a firm foothold was gained at Buenos Aires. The 
territory adjoining it has marked natural advantages and promises 
to be one of the most prosperous parts of Argentina. The total 
length of the river is reckoned to be from 2100 to 2800 miles. At 
Rosario its width is 20 miles. Vessels drawing 24 feet can navigate 
the river there. 

From Corrientes, where the Paraguay joins the Parana, the 
latter river is known as the Alto, or Upper, Parana. See F 7, p. 6, 
and other maps. 

Fa PoA. . .View of Posadas, the Capital of the Province of Misiones, from the 
Alto Parana River; Boats at and near the Dock. (19 15) 

Misiones is the comparatively narrow territory lying between 
Brazil and Paraguay. This view is 1000 miles from Buenos Aires. 
Study map. 



9 

Call no. 

Fa PoB. . .Landing Place: Rude Buildings, Conveyances, Rowboats, Boxes of 
Oranges, Railroad Rails. Posadas. (191 5) 

At Posadas 8000 to 10,000 hands are needed to handle the yerba 
and lumber trade of the Alto Parana. From 1902 to 191 1, 9000 
Russians and Poles settled near Posadas. Many Finns also are 
being brought into the country. Note that the surplus population 
of Europe is emigrating to South America as well as to North America. 

A railroad from Buenos Aires passes through Posadas and extends 
to Asuncion. La Plata and the Upper Parana rivers are crossed 
by boats. 

Study the section of the Upper Parana with reference to its 
resources and promise of future development. 

Fa PoB4...View across the Alto Parana to Paraguay; River Boats. Posadas. 
(1915) 
Note the width of the river at this distance from its mouth, and 
also the levelness of the country beyond. 

Fa PoY ... Piles of Oranges on the Ground. Posadas. (1915) 

Oranges are so plentiful and cheap here that they are fed to hogs. 
A large basketful sells for about 10 cents. They are of good quality. 
Why are they so cheap here? Bring out fact of sparseness of 
population, lack of transportation facilities and distance from markets. 

Fa Pc2. . . .Scene on the Alto Parana River: Small Steamer along Shore, Small 
Group of Travelers on Shore. (19 15) 

Comparatively few tourists visit this region yet. Why? 

Fh Nc2... .Nakunday Falls in the Nakunday River, a Tributary of the Alto 
Parana from the Paraguay Side. (1915) 

The Nakunday falls into the Parana about 100 miles below Port 
Aguirre. 

Fh Pc2 .... Row Boats on the Alto Parana Coming Out to Meet a Weekly 

Steamer; Settlement of a Few Houses on Shore. Paraguay. 

(1915) 

This German settlement is about 100 miles south of Port Aguirre, 

which is at the junction of the Iguazu with the Upper Parana. 

Many Germans have settled here and in the adjoining territory 

of Brazil. Find out what you can about the trade of Germany 

with Argentina and other parts of South America. 

Fa Pn2....View from Hotel down the Iguazu River; View Position in Argen- 
tina; to Right, across the River, Brazil; in the Distance, the Parana 
River and Paraguay ; Cattle in Foreground. Port Aguirre. (19 15) 

Fa Igi . . . .Hotel (larger building) and Dormitory. Iguazu falls. (1915) 

The dormitory is reported to be comfortable, but the food at the 
hotel altogether unsatisfactory. There are no interpreters for 
English at the falls. The Iguazu falls are as yet little visited. The 
traveler can go by boat from Posadas to Port Aguirre, 180 miles. 
The trip from there to the falls must be made by an eight-mule 
coach through jungle. 



10 

Call no. 

Fa Ig Map of Iguazu. From Bulletin of the Pan-American Union Sep- 
tember 1914. (1917) 

Fa Ig2. . . .Iguazu Falls, Central Aspect, in Iguazu River, Seen from the South 
Side. (1915) 

Not much has yet been done to make the falls easily accessible. 
The journey to and from Buenos Aires takes about two weeks. 

Comparison of these falls with Niagara is unsatisfactory as the 
two are so unlike and exact measurements of Iguazu have not been 
made. The Iguazu falls are wonderfully and picturesquely broken 
by densely wooded islands and rocky islets. There are two main 
falls, this one on the Brazil side of the river, the other on the 
Argentine side. These two main falls are diversified by numerous 
beautiful cascades flanked by wooded islets and falling into deep 
gorges. All parts of the falls have double leaps of about equal 
height. The river can not be crossed safely at the falls. To view 
the falls from the other shore it is necessary to return to Port Aguirre. 
Iguazu falls has greater variety of aspect than Niagara, but the 
latter has a better presentment. The height of Niagara is 160 feet. 
Iguazu is variously estimated at 120 to 200. The width of the 
river at the falls is about half a mile. 

Fa Ig3 . . . .West Side Branches of Iguazu Falls, Rainbow from the Mist, View 
from below the Falls. (1915) 

Fa Ig4 .... Iguazu Falls, West Side Cascade. (19 15) 
Same as right one shown in Fa Ig3- 

Fa Ig6 .... View up the Gorge of the Iguazu River below the Iguazu Falls. 
(1915) 
The river at this point flows about west between Brazil and 
Argentina. Brazil is on the left in the picture. Note the heavy 
growth of vegetation along the banks. The gorge is here about 400 
feet wide. It resembles the gorge of Niagara. The rock formation 
is basalt like that at Victoria. 

Pampas 
Fa Pa2. . . .Where the Pampas Meet the Foothills of the Andes. Near Mendoza 
The Andes are young mountains and at many places have not 
yet been built up about the base by weatherings and washings. 

Fa Pa7 .... Supplies Being Hauled across the Pampas by Five Yoke of Oxen. 
Near Gallegos, Patagonia. (February 1908) 

Most of the territory included in Argentina was once the bottom 
of a great arm of the ocean. 
See also Fa Y17 p. 11 

Indians 

Fa X3 An Ona Archer, His Wife, Child and Hut. Tierra del Fuego. 

(About 1895) 

The Ona Indians are fierce savages of gigantic size. Their bodies 
are scantily covered with loose guanaco skins wrapped about them. 



11 

Their chief weapon is the bow and arrow. They make raids on 
sheep ranches for food. They do not have fixed homes. Observe 
their rude habitations. 

Call no. 

Fa X4 An Ona Woman beside Her Home of Brush Loosely Constructed. 

Tierra del Fuego. (About 1895) 

Fa X45 Ona Indians Marching, Carrying Bows and Quivers; Typical Boggy 

Meadow Lands, Wooded Hills in Distance. Eastern Tierra del 
Fuego. (December 1907) 

Fa X7 Yahgan Canoe (dugout) of Present Model, at Landing Place of a 

Ranch, Yahgan Girls in Stern, Navarin Island in Background. 
Beagle channel, near Ushuwaia, Tierra del Fuego. (December 
1907) 
The Yahgans are a canoe tribe living in the channelways of the 

southern part of Tierra del Fuego. They probably number now 

not more than 100. Girls learn to paddle canoes very young and 

women do most of the paddling. 

Ranching 

Fa Y15 Barn and Windmill on the Large Estancia (estate) of Sefior Cobo. 

Near Buenos Aires. (January 1910) 

Brick is used for buildings on some of the big estates in the vicinity 
of Buenos Aires, but away from centers of civilization, corrugated 
iron is largely used. There were 70 windmills on this estate, made 
in the United States. Contrary to practice in the United States, 
the land is held in very large estates, some of more than 100,000 
acres. Are these large estates an advantage to the development of 
the country? 

Fa Y16. .. .Viewing Prize Bulls on the Large Estancia of Sefior Cobo. Near 
Buenos Aires. (January 1910) 

Much attention is given to stock breeding. 

Fa Y17 Beef Cattle on Typical Pampas Plain. Sefior Cobo's estancia near 

Buenos Aires. (January 1910) 

Fa Y19 Breaking Horses on a Lone Ranch, Bare Rocky Hill in Background. 

West of Ushuwaia, Tierra del Fuego. (December 1907) 

This is one of two lone ranches along Beagle channel at the foot 
of the mountains. Ranching is not largely carried on in this southern 
section of Tierra del Fuego. In this case the two sons of a missionary 
have developed the land about their home and raise some sheep, 
mostly under the care of Indians. 

Wool Industry 

Fa Y2 Drawing Wool. (19 15) 

Argentina, like other leading wool-producing countries, has an 
abundance of grazing land and a climate that makes winter feeding 
and housing unnecessary. This country ranks next to Australia in 
wool production. Most of the wool goes to Europe. Sheep raising 



12 

is carried on most extensively on the western pampas and in Pata- 
gonia. For a fuller study of the wool industry, use the slides of 
List 36 on Australia. 

Call no. 

Fa Y3 . . . . Loading Lighter with Bales of Wool. Near Gallegos, Gallegos river, 
Patagonia. (February 1908) 

These bales, weighing about 400 pounds each, are brought from 
the sheep ranches near the Gallegos river and form part of the great 
wool exports of Argentina. 

Trans- Andine Railroad 
The Trans-Andine railroad was opened in 19 10. It shortens the 
route between Buenos Aires and Valparaiso by 880 miles. 

Fa Am2 . . . Crenellated Rocky Mountain Peak in the Andes along the Trans- 
Andine Railroad 

Fa Am5 . . .Railroad Train at Station, About 55 11 Feet Elevation. Uspallata, 
about halfway between Mendoza and the top of the divide. 
(January 191 o) 

Note the absence of vegetation, due chiefly to the fact that the 
mountains are yet very young. 

Fa Am3 . . . Beginning of Cog Road. A few miles below Las Vacas. (January 
1910) 

The cog road is used where the grade is over 2\ per cent, the 
steepest grade being 8 per cent. It safeguards and expedites the 
running of the trains. 

Fa Am7 ... Attractive Railroad Station, 7709 Feet Elevation. Las Vacas. 
(January 1910) 

See also views of the railroad in Chile, Fd Am 6 and Fd Am 8, p. 17 . 

Bolivia 

Mt Illimani 

Fb II Mt Illimani (el-ye-ma-ne) from Juan de Dios Bridge. Near La Paz. 

(About 1895) 

Forty miles southeast of La Paz, height 21,150, one of the principal 
mountains of the Bolivian Andes. 

Fb H2 Mt Illimani Seen through Yungas Pass. Near La Paz. (About 

1895) 
Compare this pass with the entrance to the Garden of the Gods in 
Colorado. 

Lake Titicaca 

Fb Ti2. . . .Lake Titicaca, Southern End, View East; Thatched Houses, Mules 
and Cattle in Foreground, Mountains in Distance. (About 1895) 

The highest lake in the world (12,875 feet), except some much 
smaller lakes in Tibet and Pamirs, and about half as large as Lake 
Ontario. Its source is in the snow water of nine rivers that flow 
into it from the surrounding mountains. It has no visible outlet. 
Study the structure of the houses. Thatch of grass from the lake 
is used for roofs, for there are no trees here. 



13 

Call no. 

Fb Ti6 . . . . Huts and Balsas; Flag Marking Boundary between Bolivia and 
Peru. Desaguadero. (About 1895) 

Balsas are boats of a form in common use on Lake Titicaca and 
the Desaguadero river. Observe them. Compare caballitos, which 
are also made of reeds, Fi SXS p. 21. 

La Paz 
Fb LA. . . .Panorama of the City with Mountains in Background. (About 
1895) 
The city lies in a great pit 1000 feet below the level of the Bolivian 
plateau. Of what are the houses constructed? Population 60,000. 
No street cars. Freight carried by mules, llamas and Indians. 

Fb LX. . .'.Two Indian Women, One with Child on Back, in Street Market. 
(About 1895) 

Fb LC . . . . Long, Narrow Street Filled with Natives, on Sunday Morning. 
(1897) 
Street markets are common in the city. The natives carry their 
wares in blankets or baskets and often squat upon the grounds in 
displaying them. 

Fb LX2 . . . Native Market on Feast Day. (About 1895) 

These Indians have come in with their produce from the fertile 
plain near the city. 

Fb LX3 . . . Four Native Boys in Ponchos. (1897) 

Describe a poncho. See ponchos of Mexico. From a study of 
this group get as clear and definite an idea as possible of the dress 
and customs of the people represented. 

Fb LX5 . . .Street Scene; Men and Boys, Pump, Water Carrier Wearing Striped 
Poncho. (About 1895) 

How are the buildings constructed? 

Fb LY. . . .Several Llamas in Street. (About 1895) 

What useful purposes does the llama serve? Learn how it is 
specially adapted for these purposes. The llama will carry about 
100 pounds but if his burden is heavier than that he will lie down 
and refuse to move. 

Some Bolivian Natives 
Indians and cholos (half-breeds, feminine-cholas) form 80 per cent 
or more of the population of Bolivia. 

Fb X2 Two Cholas in Bright Dresses and Shawls. (About 1897) 

It is a good exercise to have pupils give exact expression to their 
observations of the several parts of the wearing apparel of these 
and other persons — material, size, form, color, and manner of 
wearing. 

Fb X3 An Indian Man in Green Striped Poncho, Trousers Tight at the 

Ankles, Sandals and Felt Hat. (About 1897) 



14 

Call no. 

Fb X24 A Chola in Gala Attire. (About 1897) 

The half-breeds, both men and women, are very fond of gay colors. 

Brazil 

See map F 1, p. 5, showing relative size of Brazil and the United 
States. 

Rio de Janeiro 

Fc RA. . . .Panorama Southeast over the City: Harbor Entrance, Sugar Loaf, 
Botafogo Bay. (1915) 

One of the most picturesque harbors in the world; discovered in 
1516. Entrance a little under a mile wide. ' Bay 17 miles long and 
15 miles wide. 

Fc R2 Map of Harbor. From Johnston's Royal Atlas of Modern Geography. 

(1917) 

Fc RA2. . .Panorama of City with Harbor, Sugar Loaf, and Islands Beyond, 
East from Corcovado. (1897) 

The city is built on the level stretches that run back into the 
mountains from the harbor. One such recess is here shown. 

Fc R4 Map of City and Environs. From Johnston's Royal Atlas of Modern 

Geography. (1917) 

Fc RA4. . .View West from near Base of Sugar Loaf: Bridge, Exposition 
Building, and Corcovado. (19 15) 

Fc RB . . . .Sugar Loaf, Aerial Cable Car Approaching the Top. (1915) 
Near the harbor entrance, 1270 feet high, of granite. 

Fc RC3 . . . First of March Street. (1900) 

Note the trucks by which men are moving large packages. 

Fc RM .... Municipal Building. (1915) 

Bahia and Suburbs 

Fc BA View of the Upper and Lower Levels of the City from the Harbor; 

Low, Covered Boats 

The lower portion of the city is devoted to banking and commercial 
interests. Several elevators connect the upper and lower town. 
Compare Quebec. 

Fc BZ Old Fort on Outskirts of the Town. (January 1910) 

. .riThis fort is probably of Dutch origin. Bahia is one of the oldest 
cities of Brazil and its early history is interesting. Holland made 
several attempts to obtain a foothold in South America and in 162 1 
granted a charter to the Dutch West India Company for all of the 
continent, promising it " the rights of conquest and a monopoly for 
twenty-four years." The Dutch occupancy was not permanent, 
however, and in 1655 they were expelled. Recall the commercial 
activity of the Dutch at this period. When did they settle New 
York? 



15 

Cal no. 

Fc BX Negro Women in the Street, Two Selling Articles. Suburb of Bahia 

Bahia has a very large proportion of negroes. Some of the women 
are very stalwart. Study the dress of the women. White is usually 
worn with brightly colored shawls. Note inlaid tile in upper right 
corner of wall of house. Such decoration often found in Brazilian 
houses. 

Para, or Belem 

Fc PeY. . . .Unloading Fruit from River Sailboats along Docks near Market; Pile 
of Melons 

Santos and Vicinity 

Fc Y15 Coffee Blossoms, Berries and Leaves. (1900) 

Ample descriptions of the coffee industry are easily found in an 
encyclopedia and in many other publications. 

Fc Y2 Large, Young Coffee Plantation. Near Santos. (About 1897) 

Fc Y3 Coffee Plantation, Houses and Drying Floor in Foreground; Thou- 

sands of Trees in the Distance. Near Santos. (About 1897) 

Fc Y4 Hauling Bags of Fresh Coffee Berries from Plantation. (1900) 

Fc Y44 Coffee Drying Floor. (1900) 

Fc SeB.... Several Steamers at Dock Being Loaded with Coffee. Santos. 
(About 1897) 

Sao Paulo 
Fc SsY. . . .A Cheese Market: the Merchant, an Officer, and Several Other Men. 
(1900) 
These persons appear to be Italians. Italy has furnished the 
largest number of immigrants to this part of South America m recent 

vears. 

Other Brazilian Views 

Fc Y6 Several Natives Carrying Balls of Crude Rubber to the Boat. Upper 

Rio Blanco. (1915) 
How are these balls prepared? For the tapping of rubber trees 
and the gathering of juice, see Bbe Y83, List 34. 

Fc Y7 Oxhide Sacks of Yerba Mate, or Paraguay Tea, in Street before 

Warehouse, Ready for Shipment. Paranagua, Southern Brazil. 

(I9I5) x 

Paranagua is in the state of Parana, the chief mate region of 

Brazil. Mate consists of the leaves of a species of holley, dried and 

around. Hot water is poured onto the leaves as in our tea. Learn 

how it is drank, its taste, its effects, etc. Paraguay also produces 

large quantities of mate. 

FcY8 Man Paddling a Small Boat Loaded with Brazil Nuts. On the 

Amazon, 500 miles from mouth. (1915) 

Fc X2 . Transportation Facilities in the Interior of the State of Bahia; Bullock 
and Small Horse with Riders and Packs. (1915) 



• 16 

Call no. 

Fc X3 Native Milkman on His Morning Rounds, Boy with Horn to Call 

Attention of Customers. In town north of Bahia. (1915) 

British Guiana 

Fga Xi . . . . Part of a Carib Indian Village on Border of Essequibo River. (1915) 
The Carib Indians are a remnant of one of the larger groups that 
early occupied the continent. They invaded the country from the 
islands of the Caribbean. They defended themselves stoutly against 
conquistador es. Physically a fine race, brave and intelligent. Note 
the crude construction of the boats. Often these boats are mere 
dugout canoes made of tree trunks by means of stone or flint hatchets 
or by fire. 

There are about half a dozen such huts in the village. Other 
similar villages are scattered here and there many miles apart. 

FgaX2....A Carib Indian (Macusi tribe) Shooting Fish. Southern part of 
British Guiana. (1915) 

The Macusi tribe numbers about 4000. The missionaries have 
introduced clothing, which is often worn, but is regarded chiefly as 
ornamental. The Carib Indians have had from early times good 
bows and arrows. 

See also Fk X85, p. 26. 

Chile 

See map F 45, p. 6. 

Central Section 

Coquimbo 
Fd CsY. . .Loading Mules onto Steamer. (About 1897) 

Valparaiso 
Fd VA. . . .Harbor Filled with Vessels. (1900) 

Valparaiso is the chief port of Chile, founded 1544, pillaged by 
Drake 1578 and again by Hawkins 1594. 

Note that the land back of the harbor begins to rise almost at 
once. Beyond this low mountain range lie fertile inland plains and 
the capital of the country. 

Fd VA2 . . . Panorama of City along Waterfront. (1900) 

Fd VG. . . .Custom House. (1900) 

Discuss the trade of the United States with Chile. 

Fd VE. . . .Naval Monument on Plaza near Custom House. (1900) 

Thus the people of South America honor their heroes. In 1879 
Peru and Chile were at war with each other. Captain Prat com- 
manded a war vessel sunk by the enemy at Iquique with all on board. 
Chile won the war and gained possession of the rich nitrate fields 
that have since been the source of so great wealth to this country. 
Consider to what extent commercial interests have been the real 
cause of the world's wars. 



17 

Call no. 

Fd VX .... Double-deck Street Car Drawn by Horses; Woman Conductor. (1900) 
Such horse cars have now been largely replaced by electric cars. 

Santiago and Vicinity 

Fd SA2.. . .Panorama toward the Hill of Santa Lucia; Grand Plaza, Bishop's 
Palace, Public Buildings, Cathedral, Mountains. (1900) 

Santa Lucia is a public park and pleasure ground in the heart of 
the city. 

Fd SG .... Congressional Building 

The congress of Chile consists of two houses. 

Fd SN .... National Museum in Quinta Normal 

Quinta Normal is a large park on the edge of the city and contains 
museums of fine art and natural history; also agricultural and normal 
schools. 

Fd SR. . . .Private Residence of Brown Stone in Good Style. (1897) 

Fd SC3.. . .Street Car with Passengers on Upper Deck; Woman Conductor. 
(1900) 

Fd SZi.. . .View across the Central Valley, River Bed, Mountains in Distance. 
Between Santiago and the Andes 

This valley extends for several hundred miles between the coast 
range of mountains and the grand Andes. It is watered by rivers 
that flow across it and empty into the sea. It is rich in agricultural 
lands and is a land of great estates. The wealth of the section is 
suggested by the house of one of the large land owners (Fd SZ). 
Aside from the haciendas of the rich, there are no habitations except 
the mud huts of farm laborers. 

Fd SZ Plantation Residence of Raphael Errazuriz. Panquehue, near 

Santiago. (1897) 

Trans-Andine Railroad 
Fd Am6 . . .Train Leaving Tunnel. (1897) 

The tunnel is 10,384 feet in length and 10,778 feet above the sea. 

Fd Am8 ..." The Christ of the Andes." Cumbre pass, on boundary line between 
Chile and Argentina near mouth of tunnel 

In 1902 a dispute as to the boundary line between Chile and 
Argentina was settled by arbitration. Both nations were armed, 
ready for war. The statue was erected as a memorial of the peaceful 
settlement of the trouble. It was dedicated in 1904, representatives 
of the army and the navy of each nation taking part. 

The statue is 30 feet high, of bronze, on a base of granite, 22 feet 
high. The sculptor was Mateo Alonso of Buenos Aires. 

The following inscription appears on the monument : 

" Sooner shall these mountains crumble into dust than shall Argentines and 
Chileans break the peace which they have sworn before the feet of Christ, the 
Redeemer." 



18 
Southern Section 

Call no. 

Fd X2 Indian Huts on Shore of Cautin River, Negro on Horseback, Two 

Children. Temuco 

For map of southern extremity of South America and Magellan's 
route, see F 5, p. 6. 

Fd Mb2. . .Snow-capped Mountains along Straits of Magellan. (1897) 

Some of these peaks are more than a mile in height. The strait 
is tortuous and was difficult to navigate with sailboats. The intro- 
duction of steam has encouraged the use of the strait rather than 
the longer route around the horn. 

Fd Sm2. . .Guia Narrows, Smyth's Channel. (1900) 

This passage lies on the west side of Chile north of the straits of 
Magellan. 

Fd PuA. . .Roadstead of Punta Arenas, Tug Returning from Freighters 

Fd PuA2 . . Panorama of Punta Arenas, Looking Due East. (July 28, 1900) 

The southernmost city of the world, latitude 54 . What is the 
latitude of Cape Town? Stores of coal and other goods are kept 
here for passing ships. Houses one story. This picture was made 
July 28th when the ground was covered with snow. Explain. 
Why are the shadows on the south side of the buildings? 

Fd X3 Hut of Araucanian Indians. (1897) 

Descendants of the original inhabitants of Chile, who have suc- 
cessfully and stubbornly resisted both the Incas and the Spaniards. 
The race has, however, degenerated, probably through drink, and 
is now represented by only a few members. These Indians are 
quite famous for their silver ornaments, such as large pins to hold 
their clothes together and enormous earrings. 

Northern Section 
Most of the northern part of Chile is a desert, yet is the source 
of much wealth. The winds that move northward along the north- 
ern coast of Chile do not precipitate moisture. Why? No vegeta- 
tion whatever is found here. 

Fd AoA . . . Panorama of Antofagasta with Mountain Range Rising Close Behind; 
Small Boats at Anchor 

A railroad runs from here into the interior of Bolivia. 

Fd IqA. . . .Panorama of Iquique and the Mountain Range Rising Close Behind 

Iquique is the chief nitrate port of the world. Though so barren 

in appearance, it is well supplied with stores, schools, newspapers, 

telephones, street cars, club rooms and other modern conveniences. 

Fd Y2 A Blast in Nitrate Fields. (1897) 

These fields are in what is known as the Atacama desert. The 
blast is for the purpose of loosening up the nitrate rock. Holes 
for the blast are made from 6 to 20 feet deep. The nitrate bed is 



19 

covered with a few feet of earth. A small hole is made through 
these two layers and into the soft stratum below. At the bottom 
the blasting powder is placed and the hole is filled. 

Call no. 

Fd Y3 Man Working in a Blasted Area of Nitrate Field. (1 897) 

Fd Y34 Hauling Carts Filled with Nitrate to the Portable Railroad. (1897) 

The men on horseback are time keepers and superintendents. 

Fd Y36. . . .Portable Railroad in Nitrate Fields; Cars Loaded with Caliche, Filled 
Cart Ready to Be Dumped. (1897) 

Fd Y4 Settling Pans of Nitrate Factory. (1897) 

In the factory the caliche is relieved of its impurities. After it 
has been boiled for about eight hours, the solution is drawn off into 
these tanks, each holding about 10 tons. When the nitrate has 
settled the water is drawn off and the refined product is dumped 
below to dry. Iodine is a by-product of the industry. Fuller 
descriptions of the industry are generally accessible. Watch the 
development of the process of separating nitrogen from the air. 

Juan Fernandez Island 

Fd Z Alexander Selkirk Memorial Tablet. (1900) 

Selkirk was cast ashore here by a mutinous crew in 1703. He 
lived here four years. On this incident is based the story of 
" Robinson Crusoe." Who wrote the tale? 

Dutch Guiana 

Fgc AX Dutch Commandant and Family and Dutch Colonists, Bust of Queen 

Wilhelmina. Albina. (March 19 10) 

Albina is a little frontier army post on the Marowyne river. 

Fgc X2 . . . . Bush Negro Making a Canoe. On bank of the Marowyne river, 
south of Albina. (March 19 10) 

Fgc X6 . . . . Carib Indian Village, Thatched Huts. On high bank of the Marowyne 
river, south of Albina. (March 19 10) 

See Carib Indians and note on page 16. 

Ecuador 

Ff CcA. .. .Panorama of Cahar. (1915) 

Catiar is one of the oldest towns of Ecuador. Note lack of trees. 
In this and other views, note the absence of wood in construction 
of buildings. 

Ff X9 Donkey with Pack Saddle in Street. Guayaquil 

Ff InG .... Ruins of Inca Fortress. Incapirca. (1915) 
Note the circular wall surrounding a building. 

Ff InP .... Cut-stone Doorway and Niche. Palace of the Incas, Incapirca. 
(1915) 



20 

Call no. 

Ff X2 Boy on Way to Market with Basket on Arm and Little Sister in 

Hammock Supported from the Shoulders. Quito. (1915) 

Ff X4 Group of About Forty Girls of the Better-to-do Families in Uniform 

Dress at School conducted by Belgian and Irish Nuns. Quito. 
(1915) 
What can yon learn about education in South America? 

Peru 

Andahuaylas 

Fi AnX .... Indian Boy of Andahuaylas Valley, Barefoot, Wearing a Coarse 
Striped Blanket and Felt Hat. (19 15) 

Arequipa and Vicinity 
Fi ArC . . . .Street Scene Showing Open Sewer. (1900) 

At the foot of Mt Misti. Many of the houses are built of lava 
from this mountain. Note street car track and telephone wires. 
Note height of buildings. Is the street wide or narrow? 

Fi ArZ2 . . . Mt Misti with Its Snow Cap, from Arequipa 
An extinct volcano. Note its symmetrical form. 

Fi ArZ .... Harvard Observatory, Snow-capped Mountains. Near Arequipa. 
(1900) 

Established in 1890 at an elevation of 7550 feet. The place was 
selected because of the clearness of the air. It is in the southern 
hemisphere and affords an opportunity to study parts of the heavens 
not seen in northern observatories. 

Fi X2 Large Group of Cartavio School Girls at Door of School 



Lima 

Fi LR Old House with Beautifully Carved Moorish Balcony (Altos) 

This house was the residence of the Marquis de Torre-Tagle, who 
represented Peru in the Spanish Cortes, 18 13-14. 

Fi LX Woman Vegetable Vendor Horseback. (1900) 

Fi LY Exterior of the Vitarte Cotton Mill 

The total trade of cotton goods in Peru has increased very rapidly 
in the last few years. Much of the capital invested in these estab- 
lishments is foreign. 

Fi LX2 .... Bull Ring 

See List 30, Mexico, for other views of bull rings. 

Matucana 
Fi MiX. . . .A Chola and Child at Station on Oroya Railway. (1900) 



21 

Morococha 

Call no. 

Fi MoA. . .Partial View of Mining Town; Small Lake, Mountains. (1915) 

An important mining section, both for silver and copper. The 
mines are operated largely by the English with an American as 
superintendent. The railroad shown is the end of the line from 
Lima, being a branch from Ticlio. The place is more than 3 miles 
above sea level. 

Palpa 
Fi PcY .... Ginning Cotton, Interior of Building. Palpa, near Lima 

Pucard 

Fi Pv6 .... Stone Houses with Thatched Roofs, Horizontal Rock Strata, Group 
of Natives. Near Cuzco in Apurimac river valley. (1900) 

Salaverry 

Fi SX Bringing Passengers from Steamer to Shore in Landing Chair 

South America has comparatively few good harbors. The natural 
depth of water at most ports is insufficient to permit large vessels 
to tie up at the docks. 

Fi SX8 .... Caballitos (straw boats) and Launches 

Caballitos are small boats about 10 to 12 feet long, made of two 
rolls of reeds or straw tied together. They become water soaked 
and are brought upon shore to dry. 

Trujillo 

Fi TrC .... Unpaved Sandy Street, Lined with Low, White Plaster Houses on 
One Side and a Brick Wall on the Other 

Lake Titicaca 
See views listed under Bolivia, p. 12-13. 

Oroya Railroad 

This railroad, often called the " Railway in the Clouds," " for 
sheer audacity of conception and ingenuity can not be matched by 
any country in the world." Though a short line, it cost nearly 
$25,000,000. 

Fi Or2. . . .Tunnels. Near Asuri switchback. (1900) 

Fi Or3 .... Chicla in Deep, Narrow Valley 

Seventy miles northeast of Lima, altitude 12,200. 

Fi Or4. . . .Switchback, or Y. Near San Mateo. (1900) 

Fi Or5. . . .Mt Meiggs from the Railroad; Glacier 

Named for Col. Henry Meiggs of New York State, who began 
the Oroya railroad. 



22 

Call no. 

Fi Or6 .... Lake and Mountain View on the Railroad West of Galera Tunnel. 
(1900) 

Fi Or8 .... Mountain Scenery, View from Train on Branch Line from Ticlio 
to Morococha. (1915) 

This is said to be the highest railroad point in the world, about 
16,000 feet. 

Guano Islands 

Guano islands are scattered all along the south Pacific coast. 
They are dry volcanic masses, which for some reason are made the 
roosting place of myriads of birds, including pelicans and sea gulls. 
Seals and other animals crawl upon these rocks and die. 

The first shipments of guano were made about i860. For years 
millions of dollars worth of fertilizer was shipped annually. Both 
the supply and the demand have now greatly lessened. 

Fi Z2 Working Guano. Punta Lobos 

The guano is found in pockets covered with sand. The important 
fertilizing element is ammonia. It has a strong smell. Chinese 
coolies have generally been employed to get it out. 

Fi Z3 Loading Stage for Landing Guano from Higher Levels Down to the 

Sea Level. Punta Lobos 

Inca Remains 
Map 

Fi In Map of Region Explored by Yale-National Geographic Society 

Peruvian Expedition of 191 2. From National Geographic Magazine, 
April 1913. (1917) 

Sacsaliuaman Hill, Cuzco 

References: Bingham, p. 272-79; Bryce, p. 107-10, 118; Clement R. Markham's 
A History of Peru, Charles H. Sergei & Co. p. 32-33; Peck p. 114, 
116, 119, 120; E. George Squier's Peru Illustrated, Hurst & Co. 
p. 469-75; National Geographic Magazine, April 1913, p. 534 

Sacsahuaman hill rises above the ancient city of Cuzco, the 
capital and metropolis of the great Inca kingdom, which was at 
its height when the Spaniards arrived. The Sacsahuaman hill was 
very strongly fortified. On the side toward the city it was 
very steep and needed less fortifying, but on the north side it 
rises more gradually and is not so high. On this side are walls 
massive in construction. 

Fi In2 Portion of the Walls of the Fortress of Sacsahuaman. (1915) 

There were three zigzag lines of wall. Note one above the other 

in this picture. " The line is not straight, as in most of the walls 

of ancient Greek and Italian cities, but consists of a series of salient 

and reentering angles." — Bryce. 

Mr Bryce and others are inclined to think that this immense 

structure was built long before the Inca civilization. 



23 

Call no . 

Fi I1124 .... An Angle of Each of the Three Walls, One above the Other. Sac- 
sahuaman fortress. (1900) 

Note how this arrangement of angles of the three walls increases 
the defensive possibilities. 

The stones are very large, many of them 18 to 20 feet long; those 
in the lowest terrace are the largest, having an average height of 
25 feet. One is 38 feet long. Compare size of stones used in temple 
at Baalbek. 

Hudnuco Vie jo 

References: C. Reginald Enock's The Andes and the Amazon, T. Fisher Unwin, 
p. 230-34; Squier, p. 217 

The ruins of Huanuco Viejo are west of the present town of 
Huanuco. They are very extensive, more than half a mile in length. 

Fi In3 Fortress, or Temple of the Sun. Huanuco Viejo, North Central 

Peru. (1915) 

Rectangular, built of cut stone. 



Marca Huamachuca 

Fi L14 Ruins of Marca Huamachuca. Northern Peru. (191 5) 

Said to antedate the Incas. 

Machu Picchu 

References: The Century, July 1916, p. 321-35; Harpers, April 1913, p. 709-19; 
National Geographic Magazine, April 1913, p. 403-515 

This ancient city was discovered in 191 1 by Hiram Bingham and 
was one of the objects of the Peruvian expedition of 1912 under the 
auspices of Yale University and the National Geographic Society. 
The city is situated in one of the most inaccessible parts of the 
valley of Urbamba. 

Fi L15 The Chief Temple (foreground), Stairway and Sacred Hill. (1915) 

This temple and the Temple of the Three Windows are the finest 
structures at Machu Picchu. They are both on the Sacred plaza. 

The Chief temple is about 12 feet high. The principal altar 
stone is 14 feet long and about 5 feet high. Note the hole in large 
stone of each end wall. These were doubtless for the beams which 
supported the roof of the temple. Note that the niches are narrower 
at the top than at the bottom. See also windows and doors, Ff 
InP, p. 19, Fi In52, below Fi In54 and Fi In6, p. 24 

There are over one hundred stairways in the city, and this is one 
of the best constructed. 

On the left of Sacred hill is a small temple, near which is the 
Intihuatana stone, or sun dial. 

Fi In52 . . . .Long Stone Stairway and Part of the Private Garden Group. (1915) 



24 

Call no. 

Fi I1154 The Three Windows of the " Temple of the Three Windows." (191 5) 

The three windows are a unique feature of Peruvian architecture 
and Mr Bingham has expressed the opinion that Machu Picchu 
may prove to be Tampu Tocco. (See The Story of Machu Picchu, 
by Hiram Bingham in The National Geographic Magazine February 
19 1 5.) According to legend, Tampu Tocco is a hill with three 
openings or windows and is the place from which the Incas under 
the leadership of three brothers started out to found Cuzco. 

Note how carefully the stones are fitted together. There were 
no tools of iron or steel, but only stone hammers. 

OUantaytambo 
References: Markham, p. 150-52; Squier, p. 498-516 

The fortress of OUantaytambo (spelled also Ollantaytampu) is 
one of the most interesting structures in Peru. It was for the 
defense of the sacred valley of Vilcamayu from attacks of wild 
tribes from the north. About 20 miles from Cuzco. 

Fi In6 Terraces on Citadel of OUantaytambo : Corridor, Niches and Door- 
way of Ruined Palace. (191 5) 

Note the polygonal stones and the exactness with which they 
are fitted together. The niches, 2' 2" x 1' 4" x i'i", were for 
household gods. 

Fi In63 A Street in the Inca City. (19 15) 

The village of OUantaytambo is very little changed from Inca 
times. The streets were laid out in blocks and are very narrow, 
those running lengthwise being about 14 feet wide, those going 
crosswise about 9 feet. 

Note the high wall, part of it being built into the house. 

See also Inca remains in Ecuador, Ff InG and Ff InP, p. 19. 

Uruguay 

Fj MAi . . . Panorama of Montevideo, Large Crowd on New Waterfront, a Big 
Vessel Departing. (January 19 10) 

Fj MA2 . . . New Harbor Construction Work, Large Number of Vessels, City in 
Background. Montevideo. (January 1910) 

Fj X2 A Countryman in Bombachas. Northern Uruguay. (1915) 

A bombachas is a kind of skirt shirred about the ankles. It is 
commonly used in the rural parts of Uruguay, Paraguay and 
Argentina. 

Venezuela 

Venezuela is larger than France and Germany combined. It is 
a country of rich soil, exceptionally well watered and is capable 
of large development. Many of the people are enterprising. There 
is considerable trade with the United States. 



25 

Call no. 

Fk CuB . . . Unpaved Street, Low Houses, Men Riding Very Small Donkeys. 
Cumana. (April 1 910) 

At this point Columbus discovered the mainland of South America. 
This is the oldest European town on the mainland of America, 
founded in 1520. Bartolome de las Casas, the friend of the natives 
of Mexico and other parts of America, labored in this settlement. 
Very few wagons or carts are used in Venezuela, even in the towns. 

Fk X3 Boy Filling Casks on Mules with Water from the Manzauares River; 

a Bridge. Cumana. (April 19 10) 

Fk CuY. . .Loading Hides onto Government Steamer. Cumana. (April 1910) 
One of the chief exports from Venezuela is hides. Why? All 
important industries and exports of the state are controlled to a 
large extent by the government. From what other South American 
states are hides obtained? 

Fk X77 .... Several Men of Upper Class in Room of a Leading Club House. 
Caracas. (1910) 

Fk X75 .... Typical Patio (inner open court) of House of a Wealthy Family; 
Four Persons. Caracas. (1910) 

The street entrance to a house of this sort is usually very plain 
and unattractive. The family lives secluded within the open court, 
which is usually filled with palms and flowers and has a fountain. 

Compare patio shown in collection on Mexico, List 30. By 
induction come to know this feature of a residence and become 
familiar with what countries build houses of this sort. What are 
some of the advantages? 

Fk X7 One of the Buildings of a Hacienda (country estate). Near Caracas. 

(June 19 10) 
The planter who lives here raises sugar, coffee and cocoa. The 
large, broad veranda is typical and affords shade needed in this 
warm country. 

Fk X4 Man with Goad Guiding One-handled Plow Drawn by Oxen; Sugar 

Cane Field; Highland in Distance. Near Caracas. (June 19 10) 

Fk X15. . . .Trail through the Coast Range Mountains; Baker Bringing Bread in 
Barrels. Near La. Guayra. (June 19 10) 

From this and many other pictures form an idea of the trans- 
portation facilities of South America. 

Fk Gu2 . . . Corner of Old Fortress, Soldiers and Peons in Foreground. Guayana 
Vieja, or St Thome. (19 10) 
This fortress is on the first important highland up the course 
of the Orinoco above the delta. A town was built here as early 
as 1595. Raleigh visited this region. What impression does the 
picture give of the width of the river? The river drains a very- 
large area. What other reason is there for its size? The water 
is thick and yellow with mud. 



26 

Call no. 

Fk X8 Rude Houses of Working People; Walls of Wattling and Adobe, 

Roofs of Thatch. On outskirts of Bolivar. (1910) 

Iii what other countries are adobe houses found? Describe 
a house of wattling. 

Fk BoC . . .Street with Small Overhanging Balconies; Open Sewer in Middle of 
Street; Boy Holding Pancake of Cassava Bread. Bolivar. (1910) 

Cassava bread is the staple food of Venezuela. It is made of 
tuberous roots of a certain tree. The cake is about 2 feet in diameter. 

Fk X24. . . .River Boat with Stern Wheel. On the Orinoco. (19 10) 

Anchored off Bolivar. This boat runs from Port of Spain, 
Trinidad, to .the Meta river. It sails only once in three months. 
Wood is used as fuel. Compare with navigation on the Hudson. 

Fk X2 Flat-bottomed Boat Apure Taking On Cargo; Native Canoes. San 

Fernando de Apure, on branch of the Orinoco. (May 1910) 

Why do the people dress in white clothes? Is the country level 
or mountainous? 

Fk Xi Carters Transporting Supplies over the Llanos between Cagua and 

Calabozo. (May 19 10) 

Describe the carts. How tall is the grass? What are the char- 
acteristic features of the llanos? Note absence of trees. 

Fk X35 .... Llanero (cowboy) Crossing Flooded Country on Horseback, Leading 
Horse. Near Guarco river, Central Venezuela. (May 1910) 

This is at the time of the rainy season. Note the heavy growth 
of grass on dry land. 

Fk X85. . . .Carib Indians: Man, Woman and Two Children. On bank of the 
Orinoco. (1915) 

What are the children doing? Note the sash worn by the man. 
What does this show? What does the man wear on his feet? 

Fk Z2 Salt Gatherers by the Sea, Salt Hill at Left, Bags Awaiting Carriers. 

Isle of Coche. (April 1910) 

The Isle of Coche is off the coast of Venezuela near Cumana. 
A very fine and white salt is obtained here by solar evaporation 
from a big lake at the center of the island. The salt industry is 
controlled by the government. 

Fk Z22 .... Native Woman Carrying Bags of Salt from the Depository to the 
Boats. Isle of Coche. (19 10) 

Fk Z24 .... Loading Bags of Salt onto Venezuelan Government Steamer. Isle 
of Coche. (1910) 

Fk CrX. . . .Soldiers in a Row before Their Quarter. Cristobal Colon. (1910) 

This town is on the Paria gulf at the eastern end of Venezuela. 
Notice the carriage of the men. 



27 
Animal Life Peculiar to South America 

Call no. 

Nu Cmi ... Condor {Sarcorhamphus gryphus). Zoological park, New York. 
(1901) 

The condor is found in the highest parts of the Andes 

Llamas, La Paz, Fb LY, p. 13 

Natural Scenery- 
Mountains: Trail in coast range, Venezuela, Fk X15, p. 25 

Along the Oroya railroad, Fi Or2, Fi Or3, Fi Or4, Fi Or5, 

Fi Or6 and Fi OrS, p. 21-22 
At Morococha, Fi MoA, p. 21 

Mt Misti, near Arequipa, Fi ArZ2 and Fi ArZ, p. 20 
Along the Trans-Andine railroad, Fa Am2, Fa Am3, Fa Am 5 

and Fa Am7, p. 12 
Mt Illimani, Fb II and Fb II2, p. 12 

Near Lake Titicaca, Fb Ti2, p. 12 ; near La Paz, Fb LA, p. 13 
At Iquique, Fd IqA p. 18; at Antofagasta, Fd AoA, p. 18, near 

Santiago, Fd SA2, p. 17 
Mountains beyond Central valley, Chile, Fd SZi, p. 17 
Hills around Rio de Janeiro, Fc RA, Fc RA2, Fc RA 4 , Fc RB, 

p. 14 
Along Straits of Magellan, Fd Mb2; Smyth's channel, Fd Sm2, 

p. 18 
Mountains on Navarin island, Fa X7, p. 11 
Llanos, Fk Xi and Fk X35, p. 26 

Pampas, Fa Pa2 and Fa Pa7, p. 10; cattle on Fa Yi 7, p. 11 
Central valley, Fd SZi, p. 17 
Waterfalls: Nakunday falls, Fh Nc2, p. 9 

Iguazu falls, Fa Ig, Fa Ig2, Fa Ig3, Fa Ig4 and Fa Ig6, p. 10 

History 

Inca remains, Ecuador, Ff InG and Ff InP, p. 19; Peru, 10 titles, 

listed on pages 22-24 
Rio de Janeiro Harbor, discovered 1516, Fc RA, p. 14 
Map of southern extremity and Magellan's route, F 5, p. 6 
Valparaiso, founded 1544, Fd VA, p. 16 
Old fort on outskirts of Bahia, Fc BZ, p. 14 
View of Bahia, one of the oldest cities in Brazil, Fc BA, p. 14 
Corner of old fortress, Guayana Vieja, Fk Gu2, p. 25 
Street in Cumana, oldest European town, Fk CuB, p. 25 
Revolution of 1810: Statue of Moreno, Fa BE4, p. 7; Monument 

commemorating revolution, Fa BE 5, p. 8 
Old house, the residence of Torre-Tagle, Fi LR, p. 20 
War between Chile and Peru 1879, naval monument, Fd VE, p. 16 
Dispute between Chile and Argentina, " The Christ in the Andes," 

Fd Am8, p. 17 



28 

People, Manners and Customs 

Indians: Carib Indians: man, woman and two children, Fk X85, 

p. 26; Indian shooting fish, Fga X2 and villages, Fga Xi, p. 16 

and Fgc X6, p. 19 

Ona archer, wife, child and hut, Fa X3, p. 10; Ona woman and 

rude hut, Fa X4 and Ona Indians marching, Fa X45, p. n 

Yahgan canoe and girls in it, Fa X 7, p. n 

Two Indian women, one with child on back, La Paz, Fb LX 

and Indian man, Bolivia, Fb X3,- p. 13 
Indian boy of Andahuaylas valley, Fi AnX, p. 20 
Huts at Lake Titicaca/Fb T12, p. 12; Fb Ti6, p. 13 
Huts on shore of Cautin river, negro on horseback, Fd X2, p. 18 
Hut of Araucanian Indians, Fd X3, p. 18 
Natives and stone houses, near Cuzco, Fi Pv6, p. 21 
Cholas Fb X2, p. 13 ; Fb X24, p. 14; with a child, Fi MiX, p. 20 
Bush negro making a canoe, Fgc X2, p. 19 
Negro women in the street, near Bahia, Fc BX, p. 15 
Four native boys in ponchos, Fb LX3, p. 13 
Boy with large pancake, Bolivar, Fk BoC, p. 26 
Boy and little sister in hammock, Ff X2, p. 20 
A countryman in bombachas, Uruguay, Fj X2, p. 24 
School girls: about 40 at Quito, Ff X4 and large group near Arequipa, 

Fi X2, p. 20 
Woman vegetable vendor, Fi LX, p. 20 
Natives carrying rubber, Fc Y6, p. 15 
Native boys delivering milk, Fc X3, p. 16 
Salt gatherers, Isle of Coche, Fk Z2 and native women carrying bags 

of salt, Fk Z22, p. 26 

Market and street scenes: long narrow street filled with natives, 

Fb LC; native market on feast day, Fb LX2 and men and boys, 

pump, Fb LX5, p. 13; a cheese market, Sao Paulo, Fc SsY, p. 15 

Rude houses of working people, near Bolivar, Fk X8, p. 26 

Ranch near Buenos Aires, Fa Y15, Fa Y16, Fa Y17 and Fa Yig, 

p. 11 
Bull ring, Fi LX2, p. 20 

Plantation life: residence, near Santiago, Fd SZ, p. 17 
One of the buildings of a hacienda, near Caracas, Fk X7, p. 25 
House of wealthy family, patio, Caracas, Venezuela, Fk X75, p. 25 
Men of upper class in club room, Caracas, Fk X77, p. 25 
Soldiers, Cristobal Colon, Fk CrX, p. 26 

Immigration 

Emigrants from northern Europe, Fa BE4, p. 7 

View of Posadas, Fa PoA, p. 8 and Fa PoB (see note for Fa PoB), p. 9 

German settlement on Alto Parana, Fh Pc2, p. 9 

Italians at cheese market, Fc SsY, p. 15 

Transportation Facilities 

Natives carrying balls of rubber, Brazil, Fc Y6, p. 15 
Llamas, La Paz, Fb LY, p. 13 



29 

Donkey with pack saddle, ,Ff Xo, p. 19 

Bullock and small horse, interior of state of Bahia, Brazil, Fc X2, 

P- 15 
Baker bringing bread in barrels on mule's back, Fk X15, p. 25 
Woman vegetable vendor, horseback, Lima, Peru, Fi LX, p. 20 
Boy filling casks on mules, Fk X3, p. 25 
Llanero (cowboy) crossing flooded plain on horseback, Venezuela, 

Fk X35, p. 26 
Transporting supplies over the llanos, Venezuela, Fk Xi, p. 26 
Transporting supplies over the pampas, Argentina, Fa Pa7, p. 10 
Drawing wool, Fa Y2, p. 11 
Primitive boats: caballitos, Fi SX8, p. 21; balsas, Fb Ti6, p. 13; 

Yaghan canoe, Fa X7, p. n; Carib Indian canoes, Fga Xi, p. 16 
Small boat loaded with nuts, Fc Y8, p. 15 

Loading hides onto government steamer, Cumana, Fk CuY, p. 25 
Loading salt on Venezuelan government boat, Fk Z24, p. 26 
Boats on the Orinoco, Fk X2 and Fk X24, p. 26 
River sailboats, Para, Fc PeY, p. 15 
Harbor of Rio de Janeiro: map, Fc R2 and panorama, Fc RA2, 

p. 14 
Steamers being loaded with coffee, Santos, Fc SeB, p. 15 
Boats on the Upper Parana river: small steamer, Fa Pc2, p. 9; 

boats and landing places at Posadas, Fa PoA, p. 8, Fa PoB and 

Fa P0B4, p. 9 
La Plata river boats at dock, Fa BB, p. 7 
Montevideo: waterfront, Fj MAi and new harbor construction, 

Fj MA2, p. 24 
Loading lighter with bales of wool, Gallegos, Patagonia, Fa Y3, 

p. 12 
Bringing passengers from steamer to shore, Salaverry, Peru, Fi SX, 

p. 21 
Loading mules in steamer, Coquimbo, Fd CsY, p. 16 
Valparaiso harbor, Fd VA, p. 16 

Map showing trade routes shortened by Panama canal, Ez 3, p. 5 
Roadstead of Punta Arenas, tug returning from freighter, Fd PuA, 

p. 18 
Street cars: Valparaiso, Fd VX, p. 17; Santiago, Fd SC3, p. 17; 

street car track and telephone wires, Arequipa, Fi ArC, p. 20 
Retiro station of Central railway, Buenos Aires, Fa BS, p. 7 
Map of portion of La Plata drainage area, F 7, p. 6 • 
Railroad clearing house, Buenos Aires, Fa BR, p. 7 
Trans-Andine railroad, Fa Am3, Fa Am5, Fa Amy, p. 12, FdAm6 

p. 17 ; station on railway, Fi MiX, p. 20; Morococha, Fi MoA, p. 21 
Oroya railroad, Fi 0r2, Fi Or3 and Fi Or4, p. 21, Fi Or8, p. 22 

Industries and Products 

Cattle raising on an estancia near Buenos Aires: barns, Fa Y15, 

viewing prize bulls, Fa Y16, beef cattle, Fa Y17, p. 11 
Wool: drawing wool, Fa Y2, p. 11, loading bales of wool, Fa Y3, p. 12 



30 

Hides: loading onto steamer, Fk CuY, p. 25 

Guano, Fi Z2 and Fi Z3, p. 22 

Brazil nuts in boat, Fc Y8, p. 15 

Coffee: blossoms, berries and leaves, FCY15, young plantation, 
FcY2, houses and drying floor, FCY3, hauling bags, Fc Y4, 
drying floor, Fc Y44, steamers being loaded with coffee, Fc SeB, 

P- 15 
Cotton : Vitarte cotton mill, Lima, Fi LY, p. 20, ginning cotton, Fi PcY, 

p. 21 
Fruit: unloading fruit, Fc PeY, p. 15, piles of oranges, Fa PoY, p. 9 
Rubber: balls of crude rubber, Fc Y6, p. 15 
Salt, Fk Z2, Fk Z22, Fk Z24, p. 26 
Sugar, Fk X4, p. 25 

Yerba mate: sacks ready for shipment, Fc Y7, p. 15 
Mining, Fi MoA, p. 21 
Nitrate: a blast, Fd Y2, p. 18, man working in blasted area, Fd Y3, 

hauling carts to railroad, Fd Y34, portable railroad, cars loaded 

with caliche, Fd Y36, settling pans, Fd Y4, p. 19; Iquique, chief 

nitrate port, Fd IqA, p. 18 



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